
@node Pull-down Menus, Entering Emacs, Keystrokes, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section XEmacs Pull-down Menus 

If you are running XEmacs under X, a menu bar on top of the
Emacs frame provides access to pull-down menus of file, edit, and
help-related commands. The menus provide convenient shortcuts and an
easy interface for novice users.  They do not provide additions to the
functionality available via key commands; you can still invoke commands
from the keyboard as in previous versions of Emacs.
        
@table @b
@item File
Perform file and buffer-related operations, such as opening and closing
files, saving and printing buffers, as well as exiting Emacs.
@cindex File menu

@item Edit
Perform standard editing operations, such as 
cutting, copying, pasting, and killing selected text.
@cindex Edit menu

@c #### The Mule menu needs to be documented, but this is not the place
@c for it since Ben just moved it.

@item Apps
Access to sub-applications implemented within XEmacs, such as the mail
reader, the World Wide Web browser, the spell-checker, and the calendar
program.
@cindex Apps menu

@item Options
Control various options regarding the way XEmacs works, such as controlling
which elements of the frame are visible, selecting the fonts to be used for
text, specifying whether searches are case-sensitive, etc.
@cindex Options menu

@item Buffers
Present a menu of buffers for selection as well as the option to display
a buffer list.
@cindex Buffers menu

@item Tools
Perform various actions designed to automate software development and
similar technical work, such as searching through many files, compiling
a program, and comparing or merging two or three files.
@cindex Tools menu

@item Help
Access to Emacs Info.
@cindex Help menu
@end table
@cindex Pull-down Menus
@cindex menus

There are two ways of selecting an item from a pull-down menu:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Select an item in the menu bar by moving the cursor over it and click the
left mouse-button.  Then move the cursor over the menu item you want to choose
and click left again.
@item
Select an item in the menu bar by moving the cursor over it and click and
hold the left mouse-button.  With the mouse-button depressed, move the
cursor over the menu item you want, then release it to make your selection. 
@end itemize

If a command in the pull-down menu is not applicable in a given
situation, the command is disabled and its name appears faded.  You
cannot invoke items that are faded.  For example, many commands on the
@b{Edit} menu appear faded until you select text on which they are to
operate; after you select a block of text, edit commands are enabled.
@xref{Mouse Selection}, for information on using the mouse to select
text.  @xref{Using X Selections}, for related information.

There are also @kbd{M-x} equivalents for each menu item.  To find the
equivalent for any left-button menu item, do the following:

@enumerate
@item
Type @kbd{C-h k} to get the @code{Describe Key} prompt. 
@item
Select the menu item and click. 
@end enumerate

Emacs displays the function associated with the menu item in a separate
window, usually together with some documentation. 

@menu
* File Menu::           Items on the File menu.
* Edit Menu::           Items on the Edit menu.
* Apps Menu::		Items on the Apps menu.
* Options Menu::        Items on the Options menu. 
* Buffers Menu::        Information about the Buffers menu.
* Tools Menu::		Items on the Tools menu.
* Help Menu::           Items on the Help menu. 
* Menu Customization::  Adding and removing menu items and related
                        operations.
@end menu

@node File Menu, Edit Menu, Pull-down Menus, Pull-down Menus
@subsection The File Menu

@cindex File menu

The @b{File} menu bar item contains the items @b{New Frame}, @b{Open
File...}, @b{Save Buffer}, @b{Save Buffer As...}, @b{Revert Buffer},
@b{Print Buffer}, @b{Delete Frame}, @b{Kill Buffer} and @b{Exit Emacs}
on the pull-down menu.  If you select a menu item, Emacs executes the
equivalent command.

@cindex Open File, New Frame... menu item
@cindex Open File... menu item
@cindex Insert File... menu item
@cindex Save Buffer menu item
@cindex Save Buffer As ... menu item
@cindex Revert Buffer menu item
@cindex Kill Buffer menu item
@cindex Print Buffer menu item
@cindex New Frame menu item
@cindex Delete Frame menu item
@cindex Split Frame
@cindex Un-split (Keep This)
@cindex Un-split (Keep Others)
@cindex Exit Emacs menu item

@table @b
@item Open File, New Frame...
Prompts you for a filename and loads that file into a new buffer in a
new Emacs frame, that is, a new X window running under the same Emacs
process.  You can remove the frame using the @b{Delete Frame} menu
item.  When you remove the last frame, you exit Emacs and are prompted
for confirmation. @refill

@item Open File...
Prompts you for a filename and loads that file into a new buffer. 
@b{Open File...} is equivalent to the Emacs command @code{find-file} (@kbd{C-x
C-f}).@refill 

@item Insert File...
Prompts you for a filename and inserts the contents of that file into
the current buffer.  The file associated with the current buffer is
not changed by this command.  This is equivalent to the Emacs command
@code{insert-file} (@kbd{C-x i}).@refill 

@item Save Buffer 
Writes and saves the current Emacs buffer as the latest
version of the current visited file.  @b{Save Buffer} is equivalent to the
Emacs command @code{save-buffer} (@kbd{C-x C-s}).@refill

@item Save Buffer As... 
Writes and saves the current Emacs buffer to the filename you specify.
@b{Save Buffer As...} is equivalent to the Emacs command
@code{write-file} (@kbd{C-x C-w}).@refill

@item Revert Buffer
Restores the last saved version of the file to the current buffer.  When
you edit a buffer containing a text file, you must save the buffer
before your changes become effective.  Use @b{Revert Buffer} if you do
not want to keep the changes you have made in the buffer.  @b{Revert
Buffer} is equivalent to the Emacs command @code{revert-file} (@kbd{M-x
revert-buffer}).@refill

@item Kill Buffer
Kills the current buffer, prompting you first if there are unsaved
changes.  This is roughly equivalent to the Emacs command 
@code{kill-buffer} (@kbd{C-x k}), except that @code{kill-buffer} 
prompts for the name of a buffer to kill. @refill

@item Print Buffer
Prints a hardcopy of the current buffer.  Equivalent
to the Emacs command @code{print-buffer} (@kbd{M-x print-buffer}).@refill

@item New Frame
Creates a new Emacs frame displaying the @code{*scratch*} buffer.  This
is like the @b{Open in New Frame...} menu item, except that it does
not prompt for nor load a file.@refill

@item Delete Frame 
Allows you to close all but one of the frames created by @b{New Frame}.
If you created several Emacs frames belonging to the same Emacs
process, you can close all but one of them.  When you attempt to close the
last frame, Emacs informs you that you are attempting to delete the
last frame.  You have to choose @b{Exit Emacs} for that.@refill

@item Split Frame
Divides the current window on the current frame into two equal-sized
windows, both displaying the same buffer.  Equivalent to the Emacs
command @code{split-window-vertically} (@kbd{C-x 2}).@refill

@item Un-split (Keep This)
If the frame is divided into multiple windows, this removes all windows
other than the selected one.  Equivalent to the Emacs command
@code{delete-other-windows} (@kbd{C-x 1}).@refill

@item Un-split (Keep Others)
If the frame is divided into multiple windows, this removes the
selected window from the frame, giving the space back to one of the
other windows.  Equivalent to the Emacs command @code{delete-window}
(@kbd{C-x 0}).@refill

@item Exit Emacs
Shuts down (kills) the Emacs process.  Equivalent to the Emacs command
@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} (@kbd{C-x C-c}).  Before killing the
Emacs process, the system asks which unsaved buffers to save by going through
the list of all buffers in that Emacs process.@refill
@end table

@node Edit Menu, Apps Menu, File Menu, Pull-down Menus
@subsection The Edit Menu
@cindex Edit menu

The @b{Edit} pull-down menu contains the @b{Undo}, @b{Cut}, @b{Copy},
@b{Paste}, and @b{Clear} menu items.  When you select a menu item, Emacs
executes the equivalent command.  Most commands on the @b{Edit} menu
work on a block of text, the X selection.  They appear faded until you
select a block of text (activate a region) with the mouse.  @xref{Using
X Selections}, @pxref{Killing}, and @pxref{Yanking} for more
information.@refill

@c  **** zmacs-regions is on by default these days - jwz
@c
@c Note: By default, you can use the @b{Edit} menu items on the region between
@c point and the mark as well as regions selected with the mouse. To change
@c this behavior, set the variable @code{zmacs-regions} to
@c @code{t}. @xref{Active Regions} for more information.

@cindex Undo menu item
@cindex Cut menu item
@cindex Copy menu item
@cindex Paste menu item
@cindex Clear menu item
@cindex Start Macro Recording menu item
@cindex End Macro Recording menu item
@cindex Execute Last Macro menu item
@table @b
@item Undo 
Undoes the previous command.  @b{Undo} is equivalent to
the Emacs command @code{undo} (@kbd{C-x u}).@refill

@item Cut
Removes the selected text block from the current buffer, makes it the X
clipboard selection, and places it in the kill ring.  Before executing
this command, you have to select a region using Emacs region selection
commands or with the mouse.@refill 

@item Copy 
Makes a selected text block the X clipboard selection, and places it in
the kill ring.  You can select text using one of the Emacs region
selection commands or by selecting a text region with the mouse.@refill

@item Paste 
Inserts the current value of the X clipboard selection in the current
buffer.  Note that this is not necessarily the same as the Emacs
@code{yank} command, because the Emacs kill ring and the X clipboard
selection are not the same thing.  You can paste in text you
have placed in the clipboard using @b{Copy} or @b{Cut}.  You can also
use @b{Paste} to insert text that was pasted into the clipboard from other
applications.

@item Clear
Removes the selected text block from the current buffer but does not
place it in the kill ring or the X clipboard selection. 

@item Start Macro Recording
After selecting this, Emacs will remember every keystroke you type until
@b{End Macro Recording} is selected.  This is the same as the Emacs 
command @code{start-kbd-macro} (@kbd{C-x (}).

@item End Macro Recording
Selecting this tells emacs to stop remembering your keystrokes.  This is
the same as the Emacs command @code{end-kbd-macro} (@kbd{C-x )}).

@item Execute Last Macro
Selecting this item will cause emacs to re-interpret all of the
keystrokes which were saved between selections of the @b{Start Macro
Recording} and @b{End Macro Recording} menu items.  This is the same
as the Emacs command @code{call-last-kbd-macro} (@kbd{C-x e}).
@end table

@node Apps Menu, Options Menu, Edit Menu, Pull-down Menus
@subsection The Apps Menu
@cindex Apps menu

The @b{Apps} pull-down menu contains the @b{Read Mail (VM)...}, @b{Read
Mail (MH)...}, @b{Send Mail...}, @b{Usenet News}, @b{Browse the Web},
@b{Gopher}, @b{Spell-Check Buffer} and @b{Emulate VI} menu items,
and the @b{Calendar} and @b{Games} sub-menus.  When you select a menu
item, Emacs executes the equivalent command.  For some of the menu
items, there are sub-menus which you will need to select.

@node Options Menu, Buffers Menu, Apps Menu, Pull-down Menus
@subsection The Options Menu
@cindex Options menu

The @b{Options} pull-down menu contains the @b{Read Only}, @b{Case 
Sensitive Search}, @b{Overstrike}, @b{Auto Delete Selection}, 
@b{Teach Extended Commands}, @b{Syntax Highlighting}, @b{Paren 
Highlighting}, @b{Font}, @b{Size}, @b{Weight}, @b{Buffers Menu 
Length...}, @b{Buffers Sub-Menus} and @b{Save Options} menu items. 
When you select a menu item, Emacs executes the equivalent command. 
For some of the menu items, there are sub-menus which you will need 
to select.

@cindex Read Only menu item
@cindex Case Sensitive Search menu item
@cindex Overstrike menu item
@cindex Auto Delete Selection menu item
@cindex Teach Extended Commands menu item
@cindex Syntax Highlighting menu item
@cindex Paren Highlighting menu item
@cindex Font menu item
@cindex Size menu item
@cindex Weight menu item
@cindex Buffers Menu Length... menu item
@cindex Buffers Sub-Menus menu item
@cindex Save Options
@table @b
@item Read Only
Selecting this item will cause the buffer to visit the file in a 
read-only mode. Changes to the file will not be allowed. This is 
equivalent to the Emacs command @code{toggle-read-only} 
(@kbd{C-x C-q}).

@item Case Sensitive Search
Selecting this item will cause searches to be case-sensitive. If 
its not selected then searches will ignore case. This option is 
local to the buffer.

@item Overstrike
After selecting this item, when you type letters they will replace 
existing text on a one-to-one basis, rather than pushing it to the 
right. At the end of a line, such characters extend the line. Before 
a tab, such characters insert until the tab is filled in. This is the 
same as Emacs command @code{quoted-insert} (@kbd{C-q}).

@item Auto Delete Selection
Selecting this item will cause automatic deletion of the selected 
region. The typed text will replace the selection if the selection 
is active (i.e. if its highlighted). If the option is not selected 
then the typed text is just inserted at the point.

@item Teach Extended Commands
After you  select this item, any time you execute a command with 
@kbd{M-x}which has a shorter keybinding, you will be shown the 
alternate binding before the command executes.

@item Syntax Highlighting
You can customize your init file to include the font-lock mode so that
when you select this item, the comments will be displayed in one face,
strings in another, reserved words in another, and so on. @xref{Init
File}.  When @b{Fonts} is selected, different parts of the program will
appear in different Fonts. When @b{Colors} is selected, then the program
will be displayed in different colors. Selecting @b{None} causes the
program to appear in just one Font and Color. Selecting @b{Less} resets
the Fonts and Colors to a fast, minimal set of decorations. Selecting
@b{More} resets the Fonts and Colors to a larger set of decorations. For
example, if @b{Less} is selected (which is the default setting) then you
might have all comments in green color.  Whereas, if @b{More} is
selected then a function name in the comments themselves might appear in
a different Color or Font.@refill

@item Paren Highlighting
After selecting @b{Blink} from this item, if you place the cursor 
on a parenthesis, the matching parenthesis will blink. If you select 
@b{Highlight} and place the cursor on a parenthesis, the whole 
expression of the parenthesis under the cursor will be highlighted. 
Selecting @b{None} will turn off the options (regarding @b{Paren 
Highlighting}) which you had selected earlier.@refill

@item Font
You can select any Font for your program by choosing from one of the 
available Fonts.

@item Size
You can select any size ranging from @b{2} to @b{24} by selecting the 
appropriate option.@refill

@item Weight
You can choose either @b{Bold} or @b{Medium} for the weight.@refill

@item Buffers Menu Length...
Prompts you for the number of buffers to display. Then it will display 
that number of most recently selected buffers.

@item Buffers Sub-Menus
After selection of this item the Buffers menu will contain several 
commands, as submenus of each buffer line. If this item is unselected, 
then there are no submenus for each buffer line, the only command 
available will be selecting that buffer.

@item Save Options
Selecting this item will save the current settings of your Options 
menu to your init file.  @xref{Init File}.
@end table

@node Buffers Menu, Tools Menu, Options Menu, Pull-down Menus
@subsection The Buffers Menu
@cindex Buffers menu
The @b{Buffers} menu provides a selection of up to ten buffers and the
item @b{List All Buffers}, which provides a Buffer List. @xref{List
Buffers}, for more information.  

@node Tools Menu, Help Menu, Buffers Menu, Pull-down Menus
@subsection The Tools Menu
@cindex Tools menu

The @b{Tools} pull-down menu contains the @b{Grep...}, @b{Compile...},
@b{Shell Command...}, @b{Shell Command on Region...}, @b{Debug(GDB)...}
and @b{Debug(DBX)...} menu items, and the @b{Compare}, @b{Merge},
@b{Apply Patch} and @b{Tags} sub-menus.  When you select a menu item,
Emacs executes the equivalent command.  For some of the menu items,
there are sub-menus which you will need to select.

@node Help Menu, Menu Customization, Tools Menu, Pull-down Menus
@subsection The Help Menu
@cindex Help menu

The Help Menu gives you access to Emacs Info and provides a menu
equivalent for each of the choices you have when using @kbd{C-h}. 
@xref{Help}, for more information. 

The Help menu also gives access to UNIX online manual pages via the
@b{UNIX Manual Page} option.  

@node Menu Customization, , Help Menu, Pull-down Menus
@subsection Customizing XEmacs Menus

You can customize any of the pull-down menus by adding or removing menu
items and disabling or enabling existing menu items.
 
The following functions are available: 
@table @kbd
@item add-menu: (@var{menu-path} @var{menu-name} @var{menu-items} &optional @var{before})
Add a menu to the menu bar or one of its submenus.
@item add-menu-item: (@var{menu-path} @var{item-name} @var{function}
@var{enabled-p} &optional @var{before})
Add a menu item to a menu, creating the menu first if necessary.
@item delete-menu-item: (@var{path})
Remove the menu item defined by @var{path} from the menu hierarchy.
@item disable-menu-item: (@var{path})
Disable the specified menu item.
@item enable-menu-item: (@var{path})
Enable the specified previously disabled menu item.
@item relabel-menu-item: (@var{path} @var{new-name})
Change the string of the menu item specified by @var{path} to
@var{new-name}.

@end table

@findex add-menu
@cindex adding menus
Use the function @code{add-menu} to add a new menu or submenu.
If a menu or submenu of the given name exists already, it is changed.

@var{menu-path} identifies the menu under which the new menu should be
inserted.  It is a list of strings; for example, @code{("File")} names
the top-level @b{File} menu.  @code{("File" "Foo")} names a hypothetical
submenu of @b{File}.  If @var{menu-path} is @code{nil}, the menu is
added to the menu bar itself.

@var{menu-name} is the string naming the menu to be added.  

@var{menu-items} is a list of menu item descriptions.  Each menu item
should be a vector of three elements:

@itemize @bullet
@item 
A string, which is the name of the menu item
@item 
A symbol naming a command, or a form to evaluate
@item 
@code{t} or @code{nil} to indicate whether the item is selectable
@end itemize

The optional argument @var{before} is the name of the menu before which
the new menu or submenu should be added.  If the menu is already
present, it is not moved.

@findex add-menu-item
@cindex adding menu items
The function @code{add-menu-item} adds a menu item to the specified
menu, creating the menu first if necessary.  If the named item already
exists, the menu remains unchanged.

@var{menu-path} identifies the menu into which the new menu item should
be inserted.  It is a list of strings; for example, @code{("File")}
names the top-level @b{File} menu.  @code{("File" "Foo")} names a
hypothetical submenu of @b{File}.

@var{item-name} is the string naming the menu item to add.

@var{function} is the command to invoke when this menu item is selected.
If it is a symbol, it is invoked with @code{call-interactively}, in the
same way that functions bound to keys are invoked.  If it is a list, the
list is simply evaluated.

@var{enabled-p} controls whether the item is selectable or not.
It should be @code{t}, @code{nil}, or a form to evaluate to decide.  
This form will be evaluated just before the menu is displayed, and 
the menu item will be selectable if that form returns non-@code{nil}.

For example, to make the @code{rename-file} command available from the
@b{File} menu, use the following code:

@example
(add-menu-item '("File") "Rename File" 'rename-file t)
@end example

To add a submenu of file management commands using a @b{File Management}
item, use the following code: 

@example
(add-menu-item '("File" "File Management") "Copy File" 'copy-file t)
(add-menu-item '("File" "File Management") "Delete File" 'delete-file t)
(add-menu-item '("File" "File Management") "Rename File" 'rename-file t)
@end example

The optional @var{before} argument is the name of a menu item before
which the new item should be added.  If the item is already present, it
is not moved.

@findex delete-menu-item
@cindex deleting menu items
To remove a specified menu item from the menu hierarchy, use
@code{delete-menu-item}.

@var{path} is a list of strings that identify the position of the menu
item in the menu hierarchy.  @code{("File" "Save")} means the menu item
called @b{Save} under the top level @b{File} menu.  @code{("Menu" "Foo"
"Item")} means the menu item called @b{Item} under the @b{Foo} submenu
of @b{Menu}.

@findex disable-menu-item
@findex enable-menu-item
@cindex enabling menu items
@cindex disabling menu items

To disable a menu item, use @code{disable-menu-item}.  The disabled
menu item is grayed and can no longer be selected.  To make the
item selectable again, use @code{enable-menu-item}.
@code{disable-menu-item} and @code{enable-menu-item} both have the
argument @var{path}.

@findex relabel-menu-item
@cindex changing menu items
To change the string of the specified menu item, use
@code{relabel-menu-item}. This function also takes the argument @var{path}.

@var{new-name} is the string to which the menu item will be changed.
